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of his work. In fact, he was dead seventy years before his theory received itsbiggest boost, from Galileo. Peering through his new telescope, he observed moonsrevolving around Jupiter, confirming a fundamental implication of Copernicustheory—that not all thingsrevolve around the earth. Another implication was difficult for the rational people of the d nikeair max tn ay to swallow. According to the theory, the twentyfour-hour day had to be caused by the earth spinning on its axis. But, thelevelheaded scientists of the day contended that if that were true, we would all go flying off into space.One can only imagine the response of Copernicus or Galileo. What could they say to appease the skeptics?Galileo could only shrug his shoulders and confess he had no explanation for that, but that moons were indeedrevolving around Jupiter. “Look forСтр. 53 из 213yourselves,” he might have said, “peer through my telescope and confirmthe evidence for yourselves.” Theration nike air max 2003 al critics of his day, however, refused, deeplysuspicious of the newfangled device, afraid they would be infected by demons.2 Such are the difficulties that radical newbreakthroughs must contend with. It took Sir Isaac Newton, fifty years after Galileodeath, to provide the concept ofgravity so that the problem could be resolved. The solution to problems is often not reached by rationally processingthe data. German chemist Friedrich August Kekulé discovered the symmetrical ring shape of the benzene molecule in adaydream, thereby solving the baffling problem of how to account for all its molecular constituents. He told hiscolleagues in a lecture that he envisioned a snake biting its tail (the esoteric image of the Ouroboros serpent) andrealized that was the solution to the problematic structure of the benzene molecule—the atoms were linkedtogether in a circle. The key was a shift in consciousness, a shift in how the problem was dealt with. Now letconsider breakthroughs in understanding ancient cultures.Archaeologists, linguists, anthropologists, all chime in on this one. One thing stands out: The accumulation of more andmore data is meaningless if the investigatorconsciousness does not frame the problem correctly. Thestructure of revolutionary ideas and howthey are received and incorporated by the consensus gatekeepers have beenexplored by Thomas Kuhn.3 First of all, he observes that very often breakthroughs are made by outsiders. Thereason why is that consensus perspectives tend to be self-reinforcing. The consensus perspective works its way intoa corner made by its own self-defined limitations and it thus takes an outsider, someone not constrained bydeep-seated prejudices, to push the whole thing forward. No additional evidence is necessary. Problems that are intractable but won’t go away usually indicate that areframing of the issues is necessary. The problem is often solved when biases in the Western scientific mind areset aside and the evidence is examined at face value, with a sensitivity to the values and beliefs of the cultureunder consideration. Itas if the operating system, the source code, needs to be rewritten to incorporate data thatdon’t fit into the previously maintained conceptual boxes. The data may be labeled superficially and filed away,oakley jupiter,nobody knowing what to do with them. Consciousness needs to shift, to expand, in order to 
embrace what thething under investigation really is. Typically, ancient cultures and their cosmologies are fitted into small expectationsand are enlarged grudgingly, only when demanded. And in-house scholars will never demand it, because theircareers are at stake. Independent scholars have the benefit of being able to say progressive things without the fearof being fired. However, such impudent outsiders, storming the ivory tower, must deal with the NIH syndrome—NotInvented Here. If the new idea didn’t emerge from the scholars’ own factories of production, appearing in theirown in-house “peer-reviewed” journals, then the new idea doesn’t officially exist. Kuhn noted that when a compelling breakthrough surfaces, it goes throughthree stages of integration into consensus. First, it is completely ignored. Second, it is violentlyresisted and maligned, the messenger often being subjected to ad hominem attacks. Third, it is accepted as if they knew itall along. In fields of study in which conceptual progress is expected and is constantly occurring, such as Mayastudies, we can observe textbook e nike air max shoes xamples of this process. Perhaps this is just theway things will always be. In Maya studies, a succession of independent outsiders have contributed key breakthroughs, includingJoseph T. Goodman, Yuri Knorosov, and Tatiana Proskouriakoff, so we shouldn’t be surprised when subsequentbreakthroughs are offered by outsiders. We can discern something else about breakthroughs in understanding 2012.This “understanding” has a threefold aspect. First, there is the nuts-and-bolts reconstruction of the LongCount calendar developed by the ancient Maya, along with any associated beliefs and traditions, which is what concernsus right now. Second, there is a more universal perennial wisdom that the Maya philosophy of time is anexpression of. Doctrines of sacrifice, which the Maya are known for, are found practiced all over nike air max shoes worldhistory, and a study of their inner meaning revealsprofound parallels.4 Similarly, Amazonian shamanic rites of healing canbe interpreted as psycho-spiri cheap nike air max tual methodologies analogous to the swooning initiatory rites in the mysterycult at Delphi in ancient Greece. Having identified these core archetypes of the belief system, we could thenexplore the implicit metaphysics of transformation with a more universal approach, drawing valid andilluminating cross-comparisons with other traditions. Third, we can understand that 2012 basically represents theshift from one World Age to the next World Age. In other words, it addresses the challenge of spiritual awake nikeair max 2003 ning or the transformation of consciousness (something that is a concern for many people). We can then acknowledge,and practice, a type of understanding best called “gnosis”—direct inner experience of wisdom—whi nike air maxshop ch is achieved by applying perennial methods such as meditation. These three levels of understanding proceed from a most tangible andexoteric level (the nuts and bolts of reconstructing a lost cosmology) to the most intangible, spiritual, andesoteric level (experiencing direct gnosis, or illumination). As such, the three domains are progressively moredifficult to convey adequately in words. In fact, minds stuck in the first, most tangible level doubt that the third leveleven exists. But there is really no reason for a typical human being to not acquire a working, experiential, knowledge ofall three levels. Itsimply part of the entire package of being human. Before these concepts are dismissed as going a bit too far left ofcenter, consider that this framework is no different from the multileveled approach to knowledge that the first colleges ofthe Middle Ages took as a basic tenet. The Seven Liberal Arts were divided into two parts, the Quadrivium and theTrivium. Rooted in the structure ofСтр. 54 replica nike из 213Pythagorean number theory, which emphasized qualitative characteristicsof reality over quantifiable parts, the seven domains of knowledge are ranked sequentially from lowest to highest(although the order sometimes varies in different sources): The Trivium (grammar, rhetoric, logic) and theQuadrivium (arithmetic, geometry, music, astronomy). A studentprogress toward the highest, most subtle level ofunderstanding was conferred by “degrees.” That collegiate system was, in turn, modeled after the cosmic allegory of aChristian Neoplatonist named Dionysus the Areopagite, whose visionary insight into the many-leveled structure ofreality informed Church theology and doctrine. The Seven Liberal Arts and the cosmic model of Dionysus theAreopagite are, in turn, based on the seven planetary planes and are thus an echo of the ancient Mystery Schoolinitiations found in, for example, Mithraism. The system was codified by later writers such as Varro copies nike and Martianus Capella. Perhaps it best-known use was in DanteDivine Comedy, which utilized this multidimensional structure asan allegory for the spiritual journey through purgatory and redemption. Today, four levels are preserved in the four high school years, andbeyond that three levels are preserved in the bachelor , master , and doctoral degrees. The master of knowledge isbested only by a doctor, who unlike themaster can confer knowledge and degrees on others. Dantemultidimensional cosmos based on the Neoplatonic cosmology ofseven planetary domainsNotice that the Trivium, in modern times, has been switched with thelocation of the Quadrivium, a circumstance that is revealing in that an inversion of perspective on what is real hasoccurred in modern times; spirit and spirituality is ambiguous, suspiciously subjective, and unreal, whilematter (the physical) is the part of reality that everybody agrees exists. With this broader framework placed on the shelf for moment, letslowdown and simply consider the implications of the most accessible level, the tangible reconstruction of the LongCount calendar, the 2012 date, and Maya cosmology. If progress at this level can be even partially initiated, arevolution in Maya studies is in order, since at this stage professional scholars don’t regard 2012 as an intentionalartifact of Maya t nike air max shop hought and therefore it doesn’t have, for them, any merit as a valid topic of rational inquiry.MAYA COSMOLOGY, MYTHOLOGY, AND CALENDRICSThe 13-Baktun cycle that ends on December 21, 2012, represents a largecycle of time. Dated carvings and hieroglyphic texts indicate that this cycle, lasting 5,125.36 years, wasconceived as an Era or Age. It therefore belongs to a doctrine of World Ages in which each new Age begins with aCreation event. Scholars studying Maya iconography related to these Creation Myth narratives have identified d Fake nike eep connections between this calendarcycle, Maya mythology, kingship rites, and astronomy.Стр. 55 из 213 Recent breakthroughs in understanding the 2012 calendar are built uponprevious breakthroughs. The discovery of carved monuments at archaeological sites in the 1800s, the deciphermentof calendar glyphs, figuring out the correlation of the Long Count calendar with our own—all of these thingshad to happen before one could notice that a 13-Baktun cycle ends on the December solstice of 2012. Iunderscored how this fact was theoretically available to scholars as early as 1905, then 1927, more likely by 1946,and was finally noted in print (if one applied an important corrective caveat) with Michael Coe1966 book The Maya. The precise solstice placement of the cycle ending in 2012 was challengedby linguist Floyd Lounsbury, who in 1983 argued for a reinstatement of the original GMT correlation of 1927, whichmakes the end date fall on December 23, 2012—two days after the solstice. Lounsburyargument, published in twopapers, has not stood up to a centrallyimportant issue—the survival of the 260-day count in highland Guatemala.5Lounsbury made some highly regarded breakthroughs in epigraphy and was deeply involved in the exciting hubbubthat surrounded the Palenque conferences in the 1970s. Thompson, the old gatekeeper, died in 1975 and the floodgates were openedfor a more interdisciplinary approach to deciphering the script. And progress happened quickly. But there wasalso a backlash against Thompson and the vindictive darts, long repressed, were thrown. Itquite possible thatLounsburyattack on Thompsonrevised 1950 correlation, which makes the end date fall prec nike air max wrightisely on December 21, 2012, was motivated by a desire to knock him down a few pegs, posthumously, as Thompson himself had done tolinguist Benjamin Whorf. At the Palenque conferences in the 1970s, Lounsbury was Linda Schele epigraphic mentor. She dedicated her 1990 book Forest of Kings to him. Not being completely immersed in thecorrelation debates, Schele adopted and propagated LounsburyDecember 23 date, and Michael Coe followed suit inhis fascinating 1992 book Breaking the Maya Code. Consensus prevailed, and for all appearances scholarsagreed that the cycle ending fell not exactly on the solstice but on December 23. But despite this uncritical supportfrom Schele and Coe, Lounsbury had to confront several better-informed detractors. There are two points of Lounsburywork that are central to his thesisand reveal the flaws. His argument is based on the Venus almanac in the Dresden Codex, which provides predictivedates for the first appearance of Venus as morning star. These occur on average every 583.92 days. Lounsbury testedthe two correlations and found that the December 23 correlation was more accurate for a selected portion of thepredictive almanac. However, Maya scholar Dennis Tedlock and Maya scholar-astronomer John B. Carlsonpointed out that the morning star risings of women nike air max Venus vary between 580 and 588 days—sometimes evenfrom cycle to cycle.6 Lounsbury had worked from the theoretical average of the cycle, rather than how the cycle actuallyhappens in the sky. His two-day variance was not supported by the inherent vagaries of the Venus cycle itself. The second problem with
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